Changes are shown in boldface type.
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1 Both historians and archeologists studymankind\+
's\ past. 2 Historians depend on the
written word and focus on documents from the past. 3 In contrast, archeologists
study the past in terms of things that people made and left behind. 4 While
the historian concentrates on the nonmaterial aspects of a culture\+,\
the archeologist focuses his attention on the material aspects. 5
Material culture consists of artifacts like tools, weapons\+,\
charms\+,\ art objects\+,\
utensils\+,\ and buildings. 6 Even a human burial in a
grave is an artifact. 7 The grave pit is an artifact\+,\ and the skeleton arranged in a particular
way is considered an artifact. 8 A paved road is an artifact\+,\
and a stone knife is an artifact. 9 Each artifact is important in an
archeologist\+'\ s explanation of the past. 10 Because the
kinds of artifacts from past cultures are so different\+,\ there are many divisions and specializations
within archeology. 11 Some divisions concentrate on ancient civilizations like
the Greek\+,\ Roman\+,\
Egyptian\+,\ Chinese\+,\
or Aztec. 12 Others are regional divisions that study the civilizations of Europe\+,\ Africa\+,\
North America\+,\ South America\+,\ or Asia. 13 Because of the diversity of archeology,
it is difficult to classify\+,\ but only
archeology provides a scientific overall view of human existence from mankind\+'\
s earliest beginnings to the present.
20 punctuation marks are missing from the original paragraph. They are inserted below.
1 Early people had many explanations for earthquakes. 2 In
one theory, the Earth was attached to a platform. 3 The sun\+,\ moon\+,\
and stars revolved around the Earth and
\it's > its\ platform. 4 When the platform moved\+,\ earthquakes happened. 5 In
one culture, this platform was a great spider; in other cultures,
this platform was a giant catfish, tortoise, or whale. 6 Artistotle\+'\ s four elements of the universe
- air\+,\ earth\+,\
fire\+,\ and water - were
also used to explain earthquakes. 7 As hot masses of underground
air struggled to escape\+,\
the ground shook. 8 According to scientists today, most of the
world\+'\ s earthquakes are
caused by the mobility of the Earth\+'\
s surface. 9 It is estimated that there is 1 great earthquake\+,\ 10 major earthquakes\+,\ 1,000 damaging shocks\+,\ and 100,000 minor shocks each
year. 10 In addition\+,\ any
area that has had earthquakes in the past can expect others in
the future. 11 In rugged areas, landslides occur with earthquakes.
12 However\+,\ when an earthquake
occurs near a city\+,\ fire
is often much more destructive to life and property than the tremors
themselves. 13 For example, in the San Francisco earthquake of
April 18\+,\ 1906\+,\
property damage of the quake was estimated at $20 million\+,\ but the fire that followed
was estimated at $40 million in damages. 14 Earthquakes still
frighten many people today.
From Improving the Grammar of Written English: The Editing Process, Beverly Benson and Patricia Byrd
Mission College
3000 Mission College Blvd.
Santa Clara, CA 95054-1897
(408) 855-5314
URL: http://www.missioncollege.org/depts/esl/